Hacking does not have to be breaking all the time, learn new things, skills about Technological devices.
Each day take some topics and study it, learn how it works , from there you learn the working principles and see what happens when rules are not followed. Live the security doors in banks where i reside , normally you are not allowed to carry metallic object into the banking hall , or some gadget , but i watch closely you could enter with gadget and there wont be any alarm. It doesn't make me a criminal just a way of putting to people though you have some gadget in place doesnot make you 100% secured.
I have done research on several Security Topic and Technology
Embedded systems , SCADA, Stuxnet
Monday, 3 December 2012
Friday, 17 August 2012
WHy do we need information security Awareness?
Employee and contractor behavior is the primary source of costly data breaches. It's also the best way to prevent loss.
A new device electronic device security cannot be guaranteed except if unplugged and locked in a private place.
Since it's not practical to leave our systems turned off, we need to understand the risks to our systems and prepare ourselves to defend them. Preparation begins with understanding — and that's where awareness comes in.
With all the news stories about hackers, botnets, and breaches involving personal information, it's easy for the security message to sound over-used and tired. It's easy for people to say, "It won't happen here." Yet, studies and surveys repeatedly show that: the human factor (what employees do or don't do) is the biggest threat to information systems and assets.
The best way to achieve a significant and lasting improvement in information security is not by throwing more technical solutions at the problem — it's by raising awareness and training and educating everyone who interacts with computer networks, systems, and information in the basics of information security.
Awareness Isn't Just a Good Idea, It's the Law.
Laws requiring security and privacy awareness or training programs apply to:
The Federal Government (Federal Information System Security Managers' Act)
The health care industry (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Financial institutions (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and Sarbanes-Oxley Act)
Publicly-traded companies (Sarbanes-Oxley Act)
Ecommerce Business (PCI-DSS)
it is important that everyone should receive initial awareness training before accessing systems and refresher training at least annually. Categories of people that need the awareness:
All users — security basics
Executives — security basics and policy level training in security planning and management
Program and functional managers — security basics and management and implementation level training in security planning and system/application security management, system/application life cycle management, risk management, and contingency planning.
Chief Information Officers (CIOs), IT security program managers, auditors, and other security-oriented personnel (e.g., system and network administrators, and system/application security officers) — security basics and broad training in security planning, system and application security management, system/application life cycle management, risk management, and contingency planning.
IT function management and operations personnel — security basics; management and implementation level training in security planning and system/application security management, system/application life cycle management, risk management, and contingency planning.
It is essential that system users receive security awareness instruction prior to being granted access to the system, and it requires periodic refresher training for continued access.
A new device electronic device security cannot be guaranteed except if unplugged and locked in a private place.
Since it's not practical to leave our systems turned off, we need to understand the risks to our systems and prepare ourselves to defend them. Preparation begins with understanding — and that's where awareness comes in.
With all the news stories about hackers, botnets, and breaches involving personal information, it's easy for the security message to sound over-used and tired. It's easy for people to say, "It won't happen here." Yet, studies and surveys repeatedly show that: the human factor (what employees do or don't do) is the biggest threat to information systems and assets.
The best way to achieve a significant and lasting improvement in information security is not by throwing more technical solutions at the problem — it's by raising awareness and training and educating everyone who interacts with computer networks, systems, and information in the basics of information security.
Awareness Isn't Just a Good Idea, It's the Law.
Laws requiring security and privacy awareness or training programs apply to:
The Federal Government (Federal Information System Security Managers' Act)
The health care industry (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Financial institutions (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and Sarbanes-Oxley Act)
Publicly-traded companies (Sarbanes-Oxley Act)
Ecommerce Business (PCI-DSS)
it is important that everyone should receive initial awareness training before accessing systems and refresher training at least annually. Categories of people that need the awareness:
All users — security basics
Executives — security basics and policy level training in security planning and management
Program and functional managers — security basics and management and implementation level training in security planning and system/application security management, system/application life cycle management, risk management, and contingency planning.
Chief Information Officers (CIOs), IT security program managers, auditors, and other security-oriented personnel (e.g., system and network administrators, and system/application security officers) — security basics and broad training in security planning, system and application security management, system/application life cycle management, risk management, and contingency planning.
IT function management and operations personnel — security basics; management and implementation level training in security planning and system/application security management, system/application life cycle management, risk management, and contingency planning.
It is essential that system users receive security awareness instruction prior to being granted access to the system, and it requires periodic refresher training for continued access.
5 unique steps to secure your wordpress blog
A lot of wordpress blogs are hacked, One thing I could really figure out is, most of the people didn’t know what they could control to ensure their blog is not victimized.
Things to understand:
Most of the times when a lot of wordpress blogs are hacked, it is due to a known vulnerability that might have been discovered recently and a few kids taking advantage of being amongst first one to know it. Rest of the times, an entire web hosting server is hacked where almost all the websites on the servers are defaced (hacked). This could be classified into “fault of the hosting company” or “their un-awareness“. In the second scenario, there is not much you can do as if you restore your website with a backup, it is going to be hacked again as the entire server is rooted (gained access to). Best thing to do is “choose your host wisely” :) .
How to save your blog from hackers?
1. Add captchas at all input forms:
One of the most common way to exploit any wordpress blog is by using XSS (cross site scripting) technique. In this technique, the attacker exploits the input forms like comments, searches, logins with a malicious codes to gain access to restricted information i.e. your passwords, your cookies etc.
At the same time, another hacking technique known as “Brute forcing”, which basically means attacker trying all possible dictionary words as your passwords with a tool to check if any of those work. Adding a captcha ensures that tool’s functionality will break and hence he will not be able to run all the words to match with your password.
2. Get a unique IP address (if affordable):
Trust me, you or I am not Bill Gates! So there is no one who is looking to hack your blog specifically. If your blog is hacked, it is a part of a massive hacking attack. Most of the massive hacking attacks occur on an IP range of any web hosting server. Having a unique IP that stands up, brightens your chances of not being a part of hundreds of other websites getting hacked. Besides, a unique IP always adds up to SEO efforts.
3. Upgrade, but why?
This point is written everywhere to ensure you upgrade your wordpress to latest version. But do you know why? Whenever any release is published, theres a “change log” attached to it. This change log talks about the issues that were found in last release and how they have been patched. By reading this file, even a newbie hacker can easily understand the flaws in last version and how can he exploit it. So if you haven’t upgraded your version, you better start look for alternatives!
4. Add SSL to wp-admin dir:
Do you know what exactly SSL does? Well, most of the times you are hacked because your computer is infected by viruses which constantly monitors everything you type on your keyboard (even your username and passwords) and are sent to the hacker. If you are using a webpage which is SSL enabled, not application can monitor this encrypted traffic. Neither viruses nor anti-viruses. Using SSL, you ensure that your website will not get hacked even though your computer is infected. So enabling SSL to your wp-admin directory is a great idea.
Note -
Enable SSL on wp-admin will work ONLY if you have a unique IP address.
5. Do not use “something@123″ , 12345 , admin, all guessable password:
This is the MOST common mistake that I have noticed in past year. Since it is globally accepted to use symbols and numbers into your password, almost every one would make change their “password” to “password@123″. Almost every brute forcing tools nowadays uses a technology where they add “@123″ after every dictionary word. So when “they” say use symbols and numbers, use your head and make it complexed!
Wednesday, 8 August 2012
How to secure your Wi-Fi connection
1. Install a Firewall A firewall helps protect your PC by preventing unauthorized users from gaining access to your
computer through the Internet or a network. It acts as a barrier that checks any information coming from the Internet or
a network, and then either blocks the information or allows it to pass through to your computer.
2. Change the Administrative Password on your Wireless Routers Each manufacturer ships their wireless routers with a
default password for easy initial access. These passwords are easy to find on vendor support sites, and should therefore
be changed immediately.
3. Change the Default SSID Name and Turn off SSID Broadcasting This will require your wireless client computers to
manually enter the name of your SSID (Service Set Identifier) before they can connect to your network, greatly minimizing
the damage from the casual user whose laptop is configured to connect to any available SSID broadcast it finds. You
should also change the SSID name from the factory default, since these are just as well-known as the default passwords
4. Disable DHCP for a SOHO network with only a few computers consider disabling DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol) on your router and assigning IP addresses to your client computers manually. On newer wireless routers, you
can even restrict access to the router to specific MAC addresses.
5. Replace WEP with WPA WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) is a security protocol that was designed to provide a wireless
computer network with a level of security and privacy comparable to what is usually expected of a wired computer
network. WEP is a very weak form of security that uses common 60 or 108 bit key shared among all of the devices on the
network to encrypt the wireless data. Hackers can access tools freely available on the Internet that can crack a WEP key in
as little as 15 minutes. Once the WEP key is cracked, the network traffic instantly turns into clear text – making it easy for
the hacker to treat the network like any open network. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is a powerful, standards-based,
interoperable security technology for wireless computer networks. It provides strong data protection by using 128-bit
encryption keys and dynamic session keys to ensure a wireless computer network's privacy and security. Many
cryptographers are confident that WPA addresses all the known attacks on WEP. It also adds strong user authentication,
which was absent in WEP.
Linux commands
- pwd – prints your working (or current) directory
- cd – change directory
- ls – list the files in the working directory
- cp – copy files and directories
- mv – move or rename files and directories
- rm – remove files and directories
- mkdir – create a directory
- chmod – modify file access rights
- su – temporarily become the superuser
- chown – change file ownership
- chgrp – change a file’s group ownership
- of commands for viewing system information:
sudo command - run command as root
sudo su - open a root shell
sudo su user - open a shell as user
sudo -k - forget sudo passwords
df -h – Show free space on mounted filesystems
fdisk -l – Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
Network
ifconfig - show network information
iwconfig - show wireless information
sudo iwlist scan - scan for wireless networks
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart - reset network
(file) /etc/network/interfaces - manual configuration
ifup interface - bring interface online
ifdown interface - disable interface
Firewall
ufw enable - turn on the firewall
ufw disable - turn off the firewall
ufw default allow - allow all connections by default
ufw default deny - drop all connections by default
ufw status - current status and rules
ufw allow port - allow traffic on port
ufw deny port - block port
ufw deny from ip - block ip adress
Manipulating files and directories
cp -Copy a file.
cp -i -Copy a file and ask before overwriting.
cp -r -Copy a directory with its contents.
mv -Move or rename a file.
mv -i -Move or rename a file and ask before overwriting.
rm -Remove a file.
rm -r -Remove a directory with its contents.
rm -i -Ask before removing a file. Good to use with the -r option.
mkdir -Make a directory.
rmdir -Remove an empty directory.
hostname - Shows the host name of the system you are on
whoami Displays your login name
date - Displays what your machine thinks the date is
who - Shows who is logged into the machine
rwho-a -Shows all users logged into the server network
finger Shows info on chosen user
uptime - Shows the systems uptime
PS - Shows the current user processes
PS -A - Shows all process on the system
uname -A -Displays all info on your host.
free -Shows the free memory in KB
df -h -Shows the disk space details
cat/proc/cpuinfo -Shows the CPU information
cat/proc/filesystems -Shows the file system information in use
cat/etc/printcap -Shows if any printers are hooked up
lsmod -Shows the kernel modules loaded
Arrow Up: scrolls and edits the command history, press enter to activate.
Shift+pgup: scrolls terminal output up
Shift+pgdown: scrolls terminal output down
CTRL-ALT+DEL reboots the system
Shutdown -h now turns the system off
CTRL C kills the current process
CTRL S Stops the tranfer to the terminal
CTRL Q Resumes the transfer to the terminal
CTRL Z Puts the current process in the background.
Recovery - Type the phrase “REISUB” while
holding down Alt and SysRq (PrintScrn) with
about 1 second between each letter. Your system
will reboot.
lsb_release -a - get Ubuntu version
uname -r - get kernel version
uname -a - get all kernel information
Moving around in the file system
pwd "Print working directory" - show what dir you're in.
ls -List the contents of a dir.
ls -l -List the contents of a dir and show additional info of the files.
ls -a -List all files, including hidden files.
cd -Change directory.
cd .. -Go to the parent directory.
Malicious Commands You Should (NOT USE) unless you know what you're doing.
This commands will erase your hard drive:
sudo mkfs (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.ext3 (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.bfs (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.cramfs (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.ext2 (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.minix (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.msdos (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.reiserfs (This will format your hard drive)
sudo mkfs.vfat (This will format your hard drive)
This commands can damage your operating system.
sudo rm -rf / (This will delete all your files on your system)
sudo rm -rf * (This will delete all the files in the current folder)
rm -rf * or rm -rf *.* (This will delete all the files in the current folder)
rm -rf ~/ & (This will destroy your home directory)
Some Window Shortcuts
Window shortcuts:
CTRL+C (Copy)
CTRL+X (Cut)
CTRL+V (Paste)
CTRL+Z (Undo)
DELETE (Delete)
SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop or select text in a document)
CTRL+A (Select all)
F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open Simultaneously)
ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
F5 key (Update the active window)
BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
ESC (Cancel the current task)
SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Dialog Box Keyboard Short-cuts
CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
TAB (Move forward through the options)
SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
SPACE BAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
F1 key (Display Help)
F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)
Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
END (Display the bottom of the active window)
HOME (Display the top of the active window)
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
Short-cut Keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the Keyboard shortcuts:
RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
UP ARROW (Move up one row)
DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
END (Move to the end of the line)
CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)
Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
CTRL+N (Open a new console)
CTRL+S (Save the open console)
CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
CTRL+W (Open a new window)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
ALT+F4 (Close the console)
ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
ALT+V (Display the View menu)
ALT+F (Display the File menu)
ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the
console)
Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide
the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide
the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
Microsoft Internet Explorer Navigation
CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
CTRL+W (Close the current window)
CTRL+C (Copy)
CTRL+X (Cut)
CTRL+V (Paste)
CTRL+Z (Undo)
DELETE (Delete)
SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop or select text in a document)
CTRL+A (Select all)
F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open Simultaneously)
ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu)
Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
F5 key (Update the active window)
BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
ESC (Cancel the current task)
SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Dialog Box Keyboard Short-cuts
CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
TAB (Move forward through the options)
SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
SPACE BAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
F1 key (Display Help)
F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)
Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
END (Display the bottom of the active window)
HOME (Display the top of the active window)
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
Short-cut Keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the Keyboard shortcuts:
RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
UP ARROW (Move up one row)
DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
END (Move to the end of the line)
CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Normal mode when a character is selected)
Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
CTRL+N (Open a new console)
CTRL+S (Save the open console)
CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
CTRL+W (Open a new window)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
ALT+F4 (Close the console)
ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
ALT+V (Display the View menu)
ALT+F (Display the File menu)
ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the
console)
Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide
the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide
the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
Microsoft Internet Explorer Navigation
CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
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How to maintain a virus free PC
Tips to maintain a virus free PC
- Email is one of the common ways by which your computer can catch a virus. So it is always recommended to stay away from SPAM. Open only those emails that has it’s origin from a trusted source such as those which comes from your contact list. If you are using your own private email host (other than Gmail, yahoo, hotmail etc.) then it is highly recommended that you use good anti-spam software. And finally NEVER click on any links in the emails that comes from untrusted sources.
- Never open any email attachments that come from untrusted sources. If it is a picture, text or sound file (these attachments end in the extensions .txt, .jpeg, .gif, .bmp, .tif, .mp3, .htm, .html, and .avi), you are probably safe, but still do a scan before opening.
- As we all know, Internet is the main source of all the malicious programs including viruses, worms, Trojans etc. In fact Internet contributes to virus infection by up to 80%. So here are the tips for safe surfing habits so that you can wardoff virus infection up to the maximum extent.
- Don’t click on pop-up windows that announce a sudden disaster in your city or announce that you’ve won an hourly prize. They are the ways to mislead Internet users and you should never trust them.
You can also use a pop-up blocker to automatically block those pop-ups. - USB thumb/pen drives are another common way by which viruses spread rapidly. So it is always a good habit to perform a virus scan before copying any data onto your computer. NEVER double-click the pen drive to open it. Instead right-click on it and select the option "open”. This is a safe way to open a pen drive.
- Most of us use search engines like Google to find what we are looking for. It is quite obvious for a malicious website to get listed in the search results. So to avoid visiting those untrusted malicious websites, you can download and install the AVG Link Scanner which is a freeware. This tool can become very handy and will help you to stay away from malicious websites.
- Install a good Antispyware program that operates against Internet malware and spy ware. Install good antivirus software and keep it updated. Also perform full system scan periodically. It is highly
recommended that you turn on the automatic update feature. This is the most essential task to protect your PC from viruses. If PC security is your first option then it is recommended that you go for shareware antivirus software over the free ones. Most of the antivirus supports the Auto-Protect feature that provides real-time security for your PC. Make sure that this feature is turned on. - Do not use disks that other people gave you, even from work. The disk could be infected with a virus. Of course, you can run a virus scan on it first to check it out.
- Set up your Windows Update to automatically download patches and upgrades. This will allow your computer to automatically download any updates to both the operating system and Internet Explorer. These updates fix security holes in both pieces of software.
- While you download files from untrusted websites/sources such as torrents, warez etc. make sure that you run a virus scan before executing them.
- And finally it is recommended not to visit the websites that feature illegal/unwanted stuffs such as cracks, serials,warez etc. since they contribute much in spreading of viruses and other malicious programs.
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